PIE: eis

From time to time, I will dive into certain PIE (Proto Indo European) roots.  PIE is fascinating because it is essentially a reconstructed language that linguists uncovered within the languages spoken by Indo-Europeans today.  Since it was likely to have been spoken in Neolithic times, no one has ever heard anyone speaking PIE, yet its roots can be heard every day.  I have most certainly used a very large amount of PIE root words in writing this paragraph.  Count them if you have an hour or two to spare and let me know what you find!

Today I’d like to talk about the PIE root eis, from which we get words like pediatrics, ire, hierophant, and so on.  Shipley defines eis thusly, “set in quick motion ; wrath ; divine power.”  In a way, this root imbues a word with a kick of that divine power.  Take, for example, the word iron, from the German, eisen, meaning “holy metal.” Iron certainly changed our world, to the extent that an entire age of mankind is named after it, so it is no wonder that the ancient germanic people gave this substance a name that recalled for them the passion of wrath and divine power.

Or consider the way we name specialized medical fields, pediatrics, geriatrics.  In these words you can find the Greek word iatros, which meant, “healer.”  And where did the Greeks get iatros from?  That’s right, the PIE root eis.  It makes sense why, when you consider that in ancient times, the healing arts and spirituality were inseparably intertwined.

There are also those who think this root can be found in words like estrogen and estrus. Two words which represent the divine power possessed by the females of species to create life itself.

Pictured is an image from the Thoth Tarot deck of the trump card The Hierophant, from the Greek words hieros, meaning, “sacred,” and phainein, meaning, “to bring to light.”  Thus, literally, “one who brings to light the sacred.”

thoth-hierophant

 

 

Solstice

Friday Etymology Lesson: solstice

This is the last one of the year!  Maybe I’ll start up again in the New Year with a blog or something (oh hey look, I did!). 

As the Winter Solstice is on Sunday, today’s word is solstice.  From Latin, sol meaning, “sun,” and sistere meaning, “to make stand still,” solstice literally means “the point at which the sun is made to stand still.”  The ancient Celts called it Yule, from the Norse word Jul, meaning, “wheel.”  They believed the goddess Frigga wove the fate of the world at her spinning wheel, and she labored long through the darkest night to birth the light. 

The Egyptians believed Isis labored and birthed Horus at the solstice.  In Persian myth, the warrior god Mithras was born at the winter solstice, as was Jesus of Nazareth, Saturn, Quetzalcoatl, and Sarasvati, the Hindu queen of heaven.  

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The light of the rising sun on the winter solstice inside the prehistoric monument Newgrange in County Meath Ireland.

Know

Tuesday Etymology Lesson: know

From the Latin gnoscere, and the Greek gno.  You’ll recognize gno from the words gnostic and gnosis, meaning, “knowledge, enlightenment or oneness with god.”

For millennia humans have feared knowledge and advancement as they would the supernatural.  The myth of Prometheus is the perfect example of this.  Prometheus the Titan, chained to a stone to endure physical torture for all eternity, simply for giving mankind the flaming spark of knowledge.  Or the myth of Adam & Eve, cast out from paradise because they dared to eat from the tree of knowledge. 

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El suplicio de Prometeo (The torture of Promethus), Jean-Louis-Cesar Lair, 1819.

For thousands of years we imprisoned, tortured, and burned the best minds among us for daring to know information about the mysteries of the universe.  Then when we were done murdering them, we elevated them as martyrs, saints, and geniuses, setting them above us and away from us, never accepting that we are all capable of the same knowing, failing to realize the fullest potential of our humanity.  Ignorance is bliss.  This is the greatest tragedy of the human race. 

Liminal

Monday Etymology Lesson: liminal

From the Latin liminalis or limen meaning, “threshold,” from which we also get the word limitLiminal describes a place between two defined spaces, without ever fully belonging to either of them. 

In mythology these thresholds or liminal spaces are often the realm of deities.  Able to pass between the realms of the living and the dead, the messengers Hermes, Ganesha, and the trickster spirit Eshu in voodoo tradition, are all liminal deities. 

The Romans worshiped Janus, god of gates, doorways, and beginnings, for whom we get the name of our first month, January, the gate of the new year.  Janus is shown as having two faces, one facing backward to the past, and one facing toward the future. Here he is depicted pacifying the Roman war goddess Bellona, sister of Mars, to restore peace.

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Phenomenon

Thursday Etymology Lesson: phenomenon

Two words for the price of one today!  Phenomenon from the Ancient Greek word phaínō, meaning “I show.”  In Latin phaenomenon, meaning, “appearance, particularly in the sky” and noumenon, from Greek nous, meaning, “I think, I mean, perception, intuition, understanding.” 

In a way phenomenon is the opposite of noumenon, because a phenomenon is a thing that is seen and observed, and a noumenon is a thing that is known (or maybe unknown?) without being seen. 

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Noumenon, sculpture by Jan Kuck.

Confused yet?  In simple terms, noumenon represents a thing outside of the sensory filters we use to perceive the natural world.  Humans tend to provide names and stories about objects in order to accept them as known.  Stories like, this is a table, I sit in a chair, I am separate from you, you are separate from me.  The concept of a noumenal world is necessary if one believes that our understanding of the world is not limited to what we can perceive with our senses.  It may sound floofy, but in a way, science would not exist without this concept.  

Arctic

Monday Etymology Lesson: arctic

Today’s word is inspired by the frigid temperatures we are experiencing.  Arctic, from the Ancient Greek word arktikós, meaning, “land of the Great Bear.”  The greek word árktos means “bear” and arktikós references the constellation Ursa Major, the bear.

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Seen in the northern sky, Ursa Major has served mankind as a beacon toward the north for millennia.  A remarkable number of distinct civilizations have named this constellation “bear,” from the Ancient Greeks, to the Iroquois and Wampanoag people of pre-european America.

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Vincent van Gogh painted the constellation, Ptolemy listed it in the second century, Homer wrote about it, and so did Shakespeare.  The Romans believed that the bear was the nymph Callisto, transformed by Juno in a fit of jealousy over her husband Jupiter’s lustful longings. 

Connection

Wednesday Etymology Lesson: connection

Today’s word is one of the things that is most important to me in life.  From Latin, com- meaning “together” and nectere or necto/nexus meaning both, “I bind” and also, “that which binds or ties together.”

In a way, the word connection is a like a little magic spell, willing things together.  This word is very old and so is the force it represents.  The very atoms that make up our bodies are bound together by electromagnetism.  Everything is connected, and so are we.

Holy

Friday Morning Etymology Lesson: holy

I’ll spare you the long and twisty history of how we got the word holy in modern English, involving things like proto-indo-european linguistics, but it begins waaaaay back in prehistory with a root word: sol- which means, “whole”.  You will recognize this root word from many modern words, like solar and solitary, which might sound different from each other, but they have one thing in common and that thing is ONE, a whole, a single entity.  The root sol- informed many words related to wholeness, health, soundness, etc.  So in its most basic form, holy relates to health. It makes sense that holy came to mean something sacred, since in ancient times, health was generally thought to be a gift from the divine, and healers were believed to be connected to the divine.